TL;DR; Windows goes nuts: most programs, including basic systems ones fail to launch when $PATH environment variable is broken. The error is 0xc0000017 insufficient resources.

In this situation if you can manage to launch cmd.exe (C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe) or any other similar program and temporarily set $PATH to something basic, e.g

C:\WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\System32\Wbem;C:\WINDOWS\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0

Then most programs from there are going to run normally, including SystemPropertiesAdvanced.exe which will allow you to edit $PATH permanently (ensure to check both system and your user’s $PATH).

Might want to take a screenshot of the list just in case.

After that logoff/logon should fix the issue.